The Oriental Print Works comes to Apponaug
The textile manufacturing business that Caleb Greene had established in
Apponaug in 1809 prospered for a time. By the second half of the 19th
century, however, the Greene mills had suffered some financial reverses
and the owners were persuaded to sell out their interests. This enabled
a new group of entrepreneurs, led by Alfred Augustus Reed, to move into
the area. Thanks to the generosity of Mrs. Anne C. Holst, Reed's
great-granddaughter, a letter dated May 18, 1865, written by Edward D.
Boit. has been made available. This letter explains the situation and
the circumstances surrounding the selection of Apponaug as a site for
the Oriental Print Works.
Reed & Boit
Alfred A. Reed had made his fortune in the East India trade. After
1857, Reed, whose business took him to the Far East, established the
Oriental Mills north of Providence. One of his partners, Edward D.
Boit, found Apponaug a most desirable site for the establishment of a
print works. Boit told Reed that Apponaug was an ideal place as, "The
situation is healthy and pretty—good for help and cheap for living and
as fine a location as any other for Steam Cotton Mills." Boit explained
that he was able to get "refusal of the property for$14,000." The
reason that such a favorable site was available he added, was because
"The man (Greene) is in trouble." Boit boasted, "Jordan Marsh & Co.
have got scent of it and wrote to the owner. I saw him--but I was a day
ahead of that active firm and have the refusal..."
The waters of Cowesett Pond
Boit extolled the fact that the water at Cowesett Pond. or Gorton's
Pond as it is now called, was excellent for their purposes. He wrote,
"...the water from this 300 acre pond is like Chrystal, and no other
party can interfere with it." He said, "I do not count at all on the
water power although that can easily be made available to about 70
horsepower and would be of great service in reducing the cost of
manufacturing. But the entire control of the 300 acre Pond of the
purest water is invaluable in Print Works for bleaching and washing."
Establishing a print works
The proposition which Boit offered, and which Reed accepted, required a
capital outlay of approximately $60.000. This, according to Boit, would
enable the company to print "...5000 pieces per week, cheaper by quite
a few cents than any other printers in R.I." The Oriental Print works
was able to rival the production of the Clyde Print Works in the
western section of Warwick, and later with the acquisition of six
additional printing machines, was able to produce 10,000 pieces per
week.
A change in Apponaug
The establishment of such a large enterprise as the Oriental Print
Works meant a number of changes in Apponaug. In addition to the Greene
textile mill, the purchase by Reed and his partners included one large
tenement house and one or two smaller ones. Hotels and boarding houses,
such as the Oriental Boarding House owned by the village butcher, A. W.
Hargrove, flourished in the early years of the Print Works. The mill
attracted large numbers of workers and, unlike the early villagers,
many of them were not of English or Scottish origin and were not
Protestant but Irish and French Catholics. The increased activity saw
Apponaug once again revitalized and an important center for business
and trade.
The Panic of 1873
The prosperity from the Oriental Print Works declined in 1873. This was
the year of a very serious "Panic" or "Depression" which had a
devastating effect on Rhode Island. The collapse of the A. & W.
Sprague Mfg. Co. in that year seriously curtailed the textile industry
for a time. The man behind the success of the print works in Apponaug,
Alfred A. Reed, died in 1879 and by 1883, the company had ceased to
operate.
Reed and Boit eventually lost the Oriental Print Works. The years
following the Panic of 1873 were difficult years for all of the mills
in the Pawtuxet Valley as well as in other areas of Rhode Island and
nearby Connecticut. Ironically, the Jordan Marsh Company, which had
been interested in the old Greene mills in Apponaug, was able to
purchase the Oriental Print Works and many of the mill hands were once
again employed.
J. R. Cole, in his History of Washington and Kent Counties, written in
1889, notes, "The Oriental Print Works, now owned by Jordan Marsh &
Co., of Boston, at one time did a thriving business. The works closed,
however, in March 1883, since which time a hundred thousand dollars and
more have been paid to keep watch over the works and to keep the
insurance paid up. In the meanwhile the laboring masses have removed to
the surrounding villages for work."
The Apponaug Print Works
Fortunately for the "laboring masses," the period when the mill was
closed was of short duration. The company was able to continue in
operation after 1896. At that time it was known as the Apponaug Print
Works. Due to technical problems, this company was dissolved and a new
company called the Apponaug Bleaching. Dyeing, and Print Works Co. was
established and concentrated on the printing of staple cotton fabrics.
This company enjoyed a limited success until 1913 when, under the
leadership of J.P. Farnsworth, it made a major change and began a
period of unprecedented prosperity.
A finishing process for fine textiles
Farnsworth and his colleagues decided to direct the company toward the
development of finishing processes for fine textiles instead of staple
fabrics. This field, which eventually included the finer grades of
cotton, rayon, celanese and mixed fabrics, required a greater technical
skill and more delicate workmanship. Fortunately, the company was able
to acquire the skills of Alfred L. Lustig, one of the world's foremost
color chemists.
Lustig comes to the Apponaug Mill
Alfred Lustig, a native of Hungary, immigrated to America in the late
1880s, shortly after graduating from the Vienna School of Technology.
In 1913, after a brilliant career as a chemist in New Jersey, at the
Cranston Print Works, and at the Sayles Finishing Co. of Pawtucket, he
was persuaded to come to Apponaug as the general manager of the
Apponaug Co. Lustig is generally given credit for making the Apponaug
Company one of the leading firms in the textile industry. His
brilliance and his innovations proved to be more than adequate to meet
the challenges of the early twentieth century.
Skilled chemists and good water
The bleaching and dyeing enterprises depended a great deal upon the
water supply and the skill of the chemists. In Apponaug the water was
excellent from Gorton's Pond, and during the early part of the century
the skills of Lustig were rivaled only by those of Robert Reoch at the
Clyde Print Works. These two chemists clearly demonstrated that the
printing of material in Rhode Island could be successful.
During the first part of the 20th century, the Apponaug Company's
business was done entirely for mills and converters. The location of
the large complex was within easy reach of the principle textile mills
and the most important wholesale markets.
Wartime prosperity
It was during the early years of Lustig's management that the mills
witnessed a great deal of prosperity because of World War I. The war
that started in Europe in 1914 caused an unprecedented demand for
American goods and when the United States entered the conflict in 1917,
many young men from the mill villages along the Pawtuxet River entered
the army, thereby causing a labor shortage. This tight labor market
gave greater bargaining power to the workers and they eventually forced
the textile companies to abandon the 64-hour week for a 48 hour one
with higher wages.
This prosperity for workers was short lived, however, and the 1920's saw a decline in the textile industry.